СТРАТЕГИИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ФОМОЗОМ РАПСА (BRASSICA NAPUS L.)
Фомоз является широко распространенной болезнью рапса во всем мире, в том числе в Республике Беларусь. Для контроля этой болезни используют агротехнические приемы: севооборот, обработку почвы, оптимальные сроки посева, нормы высева семян, дозы внесения удобрений, обработки пестицидами. В зависимости от условий в зонах выращивания эту культуру рекомендуется возвращать на прежнее поле через 3–5 лет, в Беларуси – через 4–5 лет. Хорошим приемом контроля фомоза является запашка растительных остатков до осени. В некоторых странах для борьбы с фомозом проводят протравливание семян и опрыскивание почвы и растений фунгицидами. Лучший способ управления фомозом – выращивание устойчивых сортов. Поскольку Leptosphaeria maculans преодолевает главные гены устойчивости, болезнь можно контролировать путем диверсификации возделываемых сортов по генам устойчивости и их размещения. Ротацию культурных сортов, содержащих различные гены или комбинации генов устойчивости, рекомендуется проводить каждые 4 года. При этом важно осуществлять регулярный мониторинг частоты встречаемости генов вирулетности с целью определения эффективности известных главных генов устойчивости. Одной из стратегий увеличения длительности устойчивости к фомозу является применение одиночных главных генов или их различных сочетаний на генетическом фоне с неспецифической резистентностью. Длительность устойчивости можно повысить, используя смеси сортов или видов с разными генами устойчивости на одном поле и межполевую диверсификацию. Следует предусматривать и защиту рапса от L. biglobosa, который может наносить значительный ущерб, особенно сортам с эффективными главными генами устойчивости к L. maculans. Кроме того, для химической защиты рапса от L. biglobosa требуются более высокие дозы триазолов, чем для контроля L. maculans, поэтому существует большая потребность в селекции устойчивых сортов рапса как к L. maculans, так и к L. biglobosa.
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