ГЕНЕТИКА УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РАПСА (BRASSI CA NAPUS L.) К ФОМОЗУ
Фомоз является широко распространенной болезнью рапса, которую вызывают два вида грибных патогенов – Leptosphaeria maculans и L. biglobosa, причем наиболее значимые потери урожаю наносит L. maculans. Оба патогена являются гемибиотрофами. Они способны сохраняться в течение многих лет на стерне и растительных остатках. Источником первичной инфекции для всходов рапса служат аскоспоры и пикнидиоспоры. Фомоз развивается на всех органах растений: на листьях и стручках – в виде серых сухих овальных пятен, на стеблях – в виде рака стебля (наиболее тяжелое поражение растений), на корнях – в виде сухой корневой гнили. При высоких температурах тяжесть симптомов усиливается, поэтому с потеплением климата угроза фомоза еще больше возрастает. Геном L. maculans секвенирован, клонировано 7 генов авирулентности. Секвенирован также геном рапса, но клонирован пока 1 из 14 известных главных генов устойчивости к L. maculans. Взаимодействие генов авирулентности с комплементарными генами устойчивости в фитопатосистеме Brassica – L. maculans происходит по типу «ген на ген». Все известные главные гены устойчивости рапса к L. maculans локализованы в A-геноме, с помощью ассоциативного картирования определены локусы устойчивости и в С-геноме. Некоторые гены устойчивости интрогрессированы в рапс из других видов (B. rapa, B. juncea, B. nigra). Кроме главных генов ювенильной (расоспецифической) устойчивости выявлены малые гены количественной (частичной, полевой) устойчивости рапса к фомозу. Необходимо активизировать изучение генетики устойчивости рапса и к L. biglobosa, который вызывает существенные потери урожая в странах с высокой летней температурой.
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